As over-pumping in combination with extreme temperature values contributes to the water crisis and to a negative water balance as mentioned above; on the other hand, what has not been clarified is why the quality of water and actually the poor quality will constitute another risk to humanity’s future. In addition to well-known state and industrial conditions that affect the water quality, it is worth focusing on the frequency-increasing extreme weather phenomena that will lead to water quality problems. Also worrying, are the dynamic relationships between water and urban landscape with devastating effects such as heavy floods. Raising rainfall will cause problems such as:
- In water quality
- Quantitative Water Management
Extreme weathering rainfall.
As an extreme weather phenomenon is called the natural phenomenon that characterized as a statistical element with a very low incidence rate. Such a phenomenon can be very weak to absent or very strong.
In the US, the effects of climate change caused by rainfall will increase by 19-25% the total nitrogen concentration that flows from the mainland to the end of the century. A devastating event for crops and the economy as a large part of the soil's nutrient load will be lost at an increased rate. As a result, it will be necessary to use more enriched fertilizers with an impact on water quality and water pollution as the more it is used, the more it is lost. So the American agricultural superpower is called to keep the quantity of products at the same level by using weaker fertilizers (Sinha et al., 2011).
Why extreme rainfall contributes to water pollution?
Figure 1.According to the increase in frequency, quantity and chemical load (NOx, COx, SOx, POx) of rainfall results in an increase in surface runoff and nutrient deposition load. (Sinha et al., 2011).
Figure 2.It is observed that due to the increased run-off, rainfall intensity and the increase of drought periods, the loss of total nitrogen measured in kilograms per square kilogram per year at the end of the years as we come closer to climate change (Palmer and Raisanen, 2002).
The main factor is the transport of pollutants through the water paths to a water reservoir and its enrichment. As the environment is a dynamic system, any increase in chemical load or external water will cause the phenomenon of nitrate pollution or else eutrophication (YPEKA, 2008).
With the increase in census tensions and the continuing loss of vegetation capable of retaining the resulting nutrients, an increase in eutrophic conditions has been observed in the last 50 years in local lakes and closed river beds of cultivated soils. In conclusion, the causes are governed by the growth of cultivated land in the context of forest decline, reckless use of pesticides and climate change (Reichwaldt et.al., 2012).
Floods
Another feature of climate change is the floodgates and even the urban ones for which we could develop a three-page article only for them. But what is worth saying is a small reminder that phenomena such as those of Mandra in November 2017 will become more frequent and periodical. It is therefore perceived that rare but very strong rainfall combined with long-lasting droughts will become a seasonal feature.
Picture 3. Mandra November 2017 (In news, photographer Stelios Missina)
Conclusion
Climate change cannot be prevented and is a necessary state of caution. Water quality is a problem that can be predicted and managed by implementing sound and sustainable policies. On the other hand, the anthropogenic environment and urban structural design are already the major catalysts that helps to increase the problem. It is necessary to reconcile with the upcoming climate change and to deal with it simply if we adapt to its effects. The changes are intended to be made on an urban scale as undoubtedly large metropolises are and will be "the protagonist in this scenario".
REFERENCES
Charles J. Vörösmarty, Pamela Green, Joseph Salisbury, Richard B. Lamme (2002) Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth, Nature, pp.512-514
In news, photographer Stelios Misinas (Accessed 4/12/2017 by http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=1500174810)
Palmer T. N., J. Räisänen (2002) Quantifying the risk of extreme seasonal precipitation events in a changing climate, Nature, pp.512-514
Reichwaldt S. Elke, Ghadouani Anas (2012) Effects of rainfall patterns on toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a changing climate: Between simplistic scenarios and complex dynamics, Water Research, pp.1372-1393
Sinha E., A. M. Michalak, V. Balaji (2017) Eutrophication will increase during the 21st century as a result of precipitation changes, Science pp. 405-408
Vorosmarty Charles J., Pamela Green, Joseph Salisbury, Richard B. Lammers (2000) Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth, Science, pp284-288
Wells Mark, Vera L. Trainer, Theodore J. Smayda, Bengt S.O. Karlson, Charles G. Trick, Raphael M. Kudela, Akira Ishikawa, Stewart Bernard, Angela Wulff, Donald M. Anderson and William P. Cochlan (2015) Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast future, Harmful Algae, pp. 68-93
YP.KA.A. Environment and Energy: Nitrate (Accessed 4/12/2017 by http://www.ypeka.gr/?tabid=250)
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